The Potential for Cell Grazing Herbal Leys

Dr Jordana Rivero, Head of the Grazing Livestock Systems cluster at Rothamsted Research, is involved in interesting research exploring the potential and impacts of cell grazing different sward types. Below is based on an article first published in Farmers Weekly in June 2021 which gives some background to the research, explains the design and management of the plots, and gives some preliminary performance results in relation to herbage mass, ewe productivity and total liveweight gain…

Cell-grazing promotes greater sward growth and weight of lambs weaned per hectare than continuous stocking. And cell-grazing herbal leys, or multispecies swards, has the potential to outperform less diverse ones.

These are the preliminary results of a study at Rothamsted Research North Wyke, Devon, looking at sheep performance on three different swards under two grazing regimes. The study is led by research scientist in grazing livestock systems Jordana Rivero and is part of a five-year project led by Rothamsted Research and the UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology on Achieving Sustainable Agricultural Systems (ASSIST) and supported by DLF Seeds.

The aim of ASSIST is to find ways to increase efficiency of food production, improve resilience to extreme events, and reduce the environmental footprint of agriculture.

“Given the growing interest in grazing multispecies swards, the joint effect of sward type and grazing strategy should be assessed in terms of animal performance” says Dr Rivero.

Experimental design

There are 12 one-hectare (2.4 acre) plots at the Rowden drainage facility at North Wyke, testing three sward types:

• Permanent pasture, mainly perennial ryegrass
• Grass mix of perennial ryegrass and festulolium selected for highly digestible fibre
• Multispecies sward sown with five species of grass, five legumes and five herbs.

Eight of the plots were reseeded with the grass mix and multispecies swards. The four permanent pasture plots are 20-25 years old.

In 2019, the first full year of the study, the permanent pasture and grass mixes received 100 kg nitrogen/ha, and all plots had 50-80 kg phosphate and 30-60 kg potash, according to soil tests. The multispecies sward received no inorganic nitrogen because the legumes in the mix fix nitrogen naturally.

Management of plots

There are two grazing strategies:

Continuous stocking Animals have unrestricted access to a given plot but stocking rate or grazing area can be adjusted if the target falls below the threshold.

Grazing on the continuously stocked plots is modified to keep a target average herbage mass, or cover, of 1,800-2,000 kg dry matter (DM)/ha, following AHDB recommendations. Pasture covers are assessed weekly using a rising plate meter. Any herbage surplus is cut or deferred by using a moveable electric fence.

Cell grazing Grazing is flexible depending on pasture and animal growth and managed using a variable number of cells allocated every two to three days according to rotation length, and a rest period without animals of 20-40 days.

The cell-grazing area is divided into 60 cells. The forage mass in the cells to be grazed in any one period are measured before and after grazing to estimate forage dry matter intake.

Target entry cover is 2,200 kg DM/ha and the target residual is 1,500 kg DM/ha. In addition, cover for every cell grazing plot is measured weekly using a rising plate meter, and the average from these compared with the continuously stocked area. In 2019, a 20-day rotation was in place for most of the season, slowing in October to 30 days.

Ongoing research

In 2020, Covid restrictions forced a reduction in staff numbers. Fertiliser applications were limited and animal and pasture performance were measured from weaning to finishing.

Target fertiliser for this year is four or five 40 kg applications of N in the permanent pasture and grass mix swards, with 50 kg phosphate on all plots, and potash adjusted as required. A very cold and dry start to the 2021 season in April meant pasture growth was slow, and stocking rates had to be adjusted. In September the lambs were removed from the plots and ewes were brought back in. They will be removed -10 days before the botanical survey is performed (- 20th October) to allow the swards to recover from grazing.

“We’re taking forage samples every two weeks to measure the level of nutrients in each pasture type and assessing botanical composition in March and October to see how the different species are evolving,” says Dr Rivero.

The current research programme, funded by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council and Natural Environment Research Council, runs until 2022. A further five-year programme proposal, looking at net zero, carbon sequestration, biodiversity, pollutants and use of new technologies in relation to grazing, has been submitted in June. If awarded, it will allow the long-term assessment of the plots and the addition of new variables to be assessed.

Grazing periods for continuously grazed and cell-grazed areas

• April to June Grazing ewes and lambs until weaning
• July to October Ewes removed, lambs continue grazing, with more lambs added, grazing until finishing
• November to December Once lamb numbers are low, ewes are brought back and graze the plot in mobs
• January to March No grazing/resting

Performance of plots from lambing to weaning in 2019

Herbage mass

Average cover was higher in the cell-grazed areas for the grass mix, at about 2,200 kg/ha, and the multispecies swards, at just over 2,600 kg/ha.

“The recovery period (following grazing) allows the sward to produce more herbage than the continuously stocked plots where animals may return to graze the same plant before it has fully regrown” explains Dr Rivero (see graph below).

Ewe productivity up to weaning

Neither sward type nor grazing system affected lamb daily liveweight gain (DLWG), given that the stocking rate was adjusted according to pasture availability. “All the lambs grew well, averaging 300 g a day,” says Dr Rivero. “This is a good result since the cell grazing did not seem to restrict the dry matter (DM) intake of ewes and lambs.”

Only the grass mix sward was affected by the grazing management, with continuous stocking more productive than cell grazing - 0.756 kg lamb/kg ewe compared with 0.687 kg. The overall average kg lamb weaned/kg liveweight of ewe was 0.73 kg.

The liveweight change of the ewes from lambing to weaning was not affected, averaging -4.79kg. Similarly, kg lamb weaned/ewe was not affected, averaging 56.2kg a ewe.

Total liveweight gain

Total liveweight gain by lambs was affected by sward type and grazing strategy. In general, cell grazing was more productive than continuous stocking, and the grass mix sward had the lowest productivity compared with the other two. Weight of lamb weaned/ha was not affected by the grazing system in the multispecies sward, but Dr Rivero believes some plots could carry more animals, particularly the cell-grazed plots, since the covers were higher.

The cell-grazed permanent pasture produced the highest kg lamb weaned/ha, at about 740 kg, but cell grazing multispecies swards, at 680 kg in 2019, could outperform the permanent pasture, she suggests, again because the covers were higher (see graph below).

“There is the potential to increase value from these,” she says. “I’m very pleased with these results. Now we need to fine-tune the grazing to manage the length of the rotation to favour other species than grasses and manage the residual better to get the maximum from the multispecies swards.”

Multispecies swards will become more popular, particularly if they are incentivised for environmental benefit, biodiversity or carbon sequestration, she adds. But, while animal performance is easy to assess with lambs, these other components need a longer-term assessment.

Preliminary conclusions

• Neither the grazing management nor the sward type restricted the individual performance of the lambs
• In general, ewe performance was similar between grazing management and sward type
• Overall, cell-grazing management promoted a greater herbage growth and kg lamb weaned/ha
• A greater stocking rate could have been applied to the multispecies swards given the greater herbage mass recorded

Header image shows the grazing plots (© Bruce Griffith)